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Contingency Planning 1895-1911
In the years leading up to the
Great War a certain amount of contingency planning had
taken place in Aden prior to the outbreak of hostilities
in 1914. When writing the Defence Scheme for Aden in
1895, Brigadier General Jopp,
the Resident, had appreciated that the existence of the
coaling station on Perim had to be taken into
consideration. According to his information anything
from 10,000 to 20,000 tons of coal was normally stored
there. Jopp wrote a contingency plan in case the Senior
Naval Officer (SNO) considered that this quantity would
at the time be considered a potential source of danger
and would recommend that the stock should be reduced or
destroyed. The SNO was not ‘under command’ of the
Resident – hence he always had to be asked rather than
ordered.
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The plan was for all British
merchant ships in Aden harbour to be taken up from trade
and sent to Perim with large gangs of Arab coolies
aboard. These would load up as much coal as they could
and return to Aden. If time permitted ships would return
to Perim for another load. In the meantime the coolie
gangs of the Perim Coal Company, working under the
orders of the Assistant Resident there, would jettison
as much coal as possible into about two to three fathoms
of water. Any stacks of coal not thus recovered or
jettisoned would have to be fired. It was estimated that
500 coolies would take five days to jettison 10,000 tons
of coal into Perim harbour. Since the 300 to 400 coolies
normally employed on Perim could be easily reinforced by
1,000 coolies sent from Aden,
Jopp estimated that one way or another all stocks
could be removed or neutralised in a couple of days. As
an alternative to firing any stacks that could not be
removed in time, he thought an even better idea might be
to scatter the stacks using explosives.
Aden’s Defence Scheme was updated
in 1901. The revised plan for Perim was simple: the
detachment would be evacuated. The reason given was that
Aden would need all the men it could muster. Therefore
following a declaration of war or the outbreak of
hostilities the detachment on Perim would be brought
into fortress Aden.
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This would
mean that no attempt could be made to defend the coal
stocks in the manner that had been suggested in the
Colonial Office circular of November 1886 entitled
‘Local Preparations to be made in anticipation of war’.
Furthermore, in accordance with the principles laid down
in the circular, the coal stocks would not be in any way
interfered with by the General Officer commanding
fortress Aden. Or in other words defence or destruction
of coal stocks was a naval responsibility.
The threat to Aden (and presumably
also to Perim) in 1907 was assessed as being an attack
by up to four enemy cruisers. Perim was not mentioned
specifically in the contingency plans published that
year, but in the revised plans published in February
1909 Perim was still to be evacuated. The action to be
taken by the Assistant Resident Perim at any time during
transition to war, on receipt of the appropriate order
from the GOC Aden Brigade (i.e. the Resident) was to be
as follows: He was to assemble all the personnel of the
Perim Coal Company, the detachment, those employed by
government and any other individuals who wished to leave
Perim He was then to load all lighters with such
valuable articles as he deemed it advisable to remove
and take all the above to Aden, using all steamers, tugs
and launches that might be in harbour at the time.
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As things turned out the 1907
assessment would not be too wide of the mark as in
August 1914 the German China Squadron would include four
cruisers of varying sizes. On 12 August the squadron
would concentrate at Pagan Bay in the Mariannas to
decide on a plan of action. The German admiral
considered taking his squadron (which also included two
battlecruisers) into the Indian Ocean but opted for the
Pacific as the difficulties of coaling his squadron in
the former would be too difficult.
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At the Mariannas conference it
would be decided to send only one light cruiser, the
Emden, into the Indian Ocean. A deployment of this
nature had been foreseen by Aden. In 1911 a major
revision was made to the Aden Defence Scheme, and
particularly with regard to the defence of Perim. The
likely threat was reduced to that of a passing cruiser
wishing to destroy the cable buildings and instruments
and the shore ends of the cable and to make free use of
the coaling facilities. Since the destruction of the
cable station could only be accomplished by a
landing in boats from the cruiser it was felt
that the garrison could formidably oppose this
by manning carefully selected and concealed
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Therefore, with the threat reduced from four
cruisers to one, it was laid down in the revised
Scheme that the garrison on Perim would now only
be withdrawn on mobilisation if the GOC,
after consultation with the SNO, considered it
absolutely necessary. This again would turn out to be an
accurate assessment, seeing that the Emden would be
cornered off the Cocos Keeling Islands on 9 November
1914 whilst destroying the cable and wireless stations
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In previous threat assessments it
had always been the coal stocks, and their use to a
potential enemy, that had been given any consideration.
It was only in 1911 that the primary importance of the
cable station was fully appreciated. For the links in
use in 1911 see Eastern Telegraph Co.
In the 1911 Defence Scheme for Aden
and Perim no thought had been given to a possible threat
from Turkish forces in the Yemen. For the former this
omission of a landward threat could have been as
disastrous in 1915 as it was to be for Singapore only
some 26 years later. As far as Perim was concerned a
Turkish attack would entail troops crossing the Narrow
Strait; but a garrison equal to a weak platoon would
have been quite unable to defend the island. The 1911
Scheme was the last update prior to war being declared
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